From 2016, but I guess the general ideas haven't changed: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/nr/c6nr04666e https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/art

From 2016, but I guess the general ideas haven't changed: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/nr/c6nr04666e https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/nr/c6nr0... CNTs can be aligned (Fig. 1) via; (i) ex situ, also termed post-synthesis, alignment, where external forces such as electric fields (i.e. dielectrophoresis)4,5 orientate the nanotubes once dispersed onto a substrate, often by means of a liquid medium; or via (ii) in situ (aligned synthesis) where the aligning fields are imposed during nanotube growth.