Not exactly as you may be thinking, but in many countries there is a parallel, private health care sector. The fact that patients have the choice to go to the

Not exactly as you may be thinking, but in many countries there is a parallel, private health care sector. The fact that patients have the choice to go to the public sector instead of the private likely keeps prices in the private sector down, but if there is literature on the extent and magnitude of those effects, I’m not familiar with it. Mexico is an example of such a country.