A lot of papers are hand or computer assisted annotated. For medical papers Mesh terms: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh

A lot of papers are hand or computer assisted annotated. For medical papers Mesh terms: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html Gene information is extracted by flybase/ worm base … It’s time consuming, expensive probably not perfect but for certain types of papers it makes searching better.