All of your examples would be legal, as far as I know. We can argue about morality (and whether or not I'd work for such an employer) but yes they are, afaik,

All of your examples would be legal, as far as I know. We can argue about morality (and whether or not I'd work for such an employer) but yes they are, afaik, all legal things for an employee to mandate. > > A contract requiring the employee to hold membership in a union > The same situation as the professional group [a violation] Then you agree that right to work laws like Alabama's violate freedom of association?