I believe this does work for German (or at least I can't think of an example where it doesn't). But a case I can think of where it doesn't work is with standard

I believe this does work for German (or at least I can't think of an example where it doesn't). But a case I can think of where it doesn't work is with standard modern Greek. In all-caps words, accents are omitted, while at least Python's implementation of casefold produces non-equal strings for the all-caps and lowercase versions: >>> str.casefold("παράδειγμα") 'παράδειγμα' >>> str.casefold("ΠΑΡΑΔΕΙΓΜΑ") 'παραδειγμα' It's at least consistent with this, though: >>> str.upper("παράδειγμα") 'ΠΑΡΆΔΕΙΓΜΑ' But I'd consider that incorrect, or at least nonstandard. The Greek alphabet does have accented versions of capital letters, but they can only be used as the first letter of a word in mixed case (e.g. if a sentence starts with έλα, you write it Έλα), never in the middle of a capitalized word. However maybe this slides too far to the "language" rather than "encoding" side of the space that Unicode considers outside of its purview.