From page 2: One form of such market manipulation is Wash trading--- investors simultaneously selling and buying the same financial assets to create artificial

From page 2: One form of such market manipulation is Wash trading--- investors simultaneously selling and buying the same financial assets to create artificial activity in the marketplace, which is known to distort price, volume, and volatility, and reduce investors’ confidence and participation in financial markets (Aggarwal and Wu, 2006; Cumming, Johan, and Li, 2011; Imisiker and Tas, 2018).