While not nationalized or regulated, Poland is an interesting example with its ubiquitous application of BLIK, a bottom-up initiative of major Polish banks: ht

While not nationalized or regulated, Poland is an interesting example with its ubiquitous application of BLIK, a bottom-up initiative of major Polish banks: https://blik.com/en https://blik.com/en https://thepaypers.com/thought-leader-insights/blik-and-the-future-of-payments-in-poland--1251680 https://thepaypers.com/thought-leader-insights/blik-and-the-... "(...) at the end of 2020 BLIK overtook payment cards in terms of the number of transactions made in global ecommerce (Polish and foreign) for the first time." You can use it everywhere: from your local convenience store to Uber or Amazon Poland. It's also a Polish Venmo, or rather Zelle, where you can send money p2p using a phone number. They are now experimenting with contactless payments, as well as trying to integrate with international online payment systems, and if those are a success, the future of Visa/Mastercard in Poland is rather... complicated. And if Poland continues to be the predicting greenfield it was so far for FinTech, the decentralized, national solutions like these are likely to largely displace the 3rd parties of Visa/Mastercard/Amex alike. That having said, one of BLIK's board members is the Mastercard CEE country manager, so... looks like they do anticipate that change.