> With the modern JVM you actually have to work quite hard to write native code (Rust/C++/C) that outperforms an equivalent Java/Kotlin/Scala implementation. F

> With the modern JVM you actually have to work quite hard to write native code (Rust/C++/C) that outperforms an equivalent Java/Kotlin/Scala implementation. For what kind of code? I've never experienced comparable performance between JVM and C++ implementations, and I've had the misfortune of writing a couple parallel implementations in recent years where it was literally an "apples to apples" comparison. C++ is faster by default and isn't particularly close, even if you ignore Java's startup and warmup time. I've never seen a native implementation run slower than a JVM one in my entire career, which has included a lot of Java. This is the expected outcome and easily explainable in technical terms. Performance in modern systems is dominated by memory handling efficiency, where C++ is very strong and JVM is not.