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>no? hydrogen to helium is by far the best. Not necessarily for humans. Stars get to be gravity-mass containment/fusion pressure automoderated, but there is no
by xoa 5y ago
>no? hydrogen to helium is by far the best.
Not necessarily for humans. Stars get to be gravity-mass containment/fusion pressure automoderated, but there is nothing known even in blue sky to manipulate gravity beyond sheer mass. So humans have to deal with containing via electromagnetism and relatively little isolated surrounding matter, which means we have to deal with both ignition thresholds and the issue of neutrons. In stars neutrons provide heat/energy by sheer virtue of hitting stuff as they pass out from the core, and obviously radioactivity isn't a concern. But it's definitely an issue for a power plant, where neutrons mostly represent wasted energy since we don't have any good way to harness them for useful work, plus they'll activate surrounding materials over time which is also an irritation. So the ideal fusion may be aneutronic, which then faces tradeoffs of fuel availability vs ease of production.
For example terms of plain ease of engineering/compactness etc, helium-3 would probably be the best fuel. But helium 3 is also super ultra rare and effectively nonexistent naturally on Earth. We'd have to get it from space, or breed it from neutronic reactors which obviously isn't ideal (might be worth it as a compact fuel for far future spacecraft though). On the opposite side hydrogen-boron fusion requires much much higher ignition energy, greatly complicating actually building a working plant, but the fuels themselves are readily available. There are other potential ones between, or maybe we just suck it up and deal with neutron activation (still a lot less radioactivity than in fission plans), which could be moderated with more careful selection of construction materials.
At any rate, we're definitely not yet at the point where we can really say what the "best" fusion cycle will be, and it's perfectly possible we'll even end up with multiple (He3 for vehicle/more portable reactors, H-B or D-D for massive stationary ones say).
- dark_star 5y agoHydrogen - Boron fusion is a really good thing, if it can be achieved. It requires high temperatures, but is aneutronic [1], only producing electrons which can easily be siphoned off to directly power an electrical grid: Proton – Boron-11: 1p + 11B → 3 4He + 8.7 MeV This means it doesn't create radioactive waste or have the metal brittling problems that neutronic (H-H or H-D) fusion has. Some groups [2][3] think the high temperatures can be achieved in small plasma bubbles without large amounts of magnetic confinement, making for small and inexpensive reactors. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion [2] https://lppfusion.com/technology/dpf-device/ https://lppfusion.com/technology/dpf-device/ [3] https://hb11.energy/how-it-works/ https://hb11.energy/how-it-works/