I should point out that FIDO2 allows sites to require that visitors use a device from a specific whitelist of devices.[0] Google has already tightened the requ

I should point out that FIDO2 allows sites to require that visitors use a device from a specific whitelist of devices.[0] Google has already tightened the requirements by mandating 2FA, so don't be surprised when they start blocking "insecure" factors like shell scripts. It probably wouldn't go down well if Google required an Android device to provide the second factor, but I could definitely see them requiring a device which does biometric verification of the user. That's a pretty good way of connecting online activity to a specific human (assuming the attacker can gain physical access to your authentication device, and has a model of your fingerprint/face, which governments increasingly do have). [0] https://developers.yubico.com/WebAuthn/WebAuthn_Developer_Guide/Attestation.html https://developers.yubico.com/WebAuthn/WebAuthn_Developer_Gu...