Even the question of "this dog" still misses the mark. We're talking about a social interaction between the dog and the handler that takes him home every night.

Even the question of "this dog" still misses the mark. We're talking about a social interaction between the dog and the handler that takes him home every night. The dog might be well trained to alert on the presence of drugs, but the person that dog is loyal to is the original handler and you'll never be able to design an adversarial test to separate the two of them accurately. You're essentially trying to measure if the handler deliberately committed fraud and perjury. Generally if I see a dog on the loose I'll catch them and walk them back to their owner. I've probably caught around a dozen dogs that I was a complete stranger to and my go to method is to use their empathy against them. I'll get close enough for them to take notice of me and then shift my attention to some spot in the grass and occasionally look back at the dog, put my back to them, pretend to react to the imaginary thing in the grass, etc. I can get some dog that's never even seen me before to paw at the dirt, bark, sniff incessantly, etc it's not much of a stretch to assume that a dog's handler could do the same to the dog they spend more time with than most people get to see their pets. They never scold the dog after they alert on a vehicle that doesn't turn up drugs and I'd bet money on average they receive more praise after an alert than after not alerting.