Are studies like these corrected for the culture the kids are raised in, the effect of things like parental leave on career choices or timing, introvert vs. ext

Are studies like these corrected for the culture the kids are raised in, the effect of things like parental leave on career choices or timing, introvert vs. extrovert, team or self oriented, economic status, history of education in the family, …. Whole lot of cultural issues weigh in here and they don’t cleanly partition by country. And you can probably make the argument that the existence and length of parental leave is culturally driven as well. Somebody has to take care of the kids and if a couple lacks the money to farm it out somebody’s career takes a hit.