Ah, but there are clones, and there are clones. Of course, many Soviet designs were literal copies of Western designs. This included many of the mainframes an

Ah, but there are clones, and there are clones. Of course, many Soviet designs were literal copies of Western designs. This included many of the mainframes and minis copied from the IBM 360 or PDP-11 family. The USSR produced TTL integrated circuits in number from about 1970 on and they just used them to copy Western designs built the same way. Sometimes loosely, sometimes exact copies of the schematics just scaled around the metric inch (1 inch = 2.5 mm) the Soviets preferred. When VLSI came along they also copied those designs at the mask level. But that wasn't always the case. And the K1801VM1 and family is one of the exceptions. It's a clone of the PDP-11 which was popular in the USSR and they had software that ran on it. It has the same instruction set and a Q-Bus-like interface like a PDP-11 -- but it was an original design throughout electronically and not some mask ripoff of DEC. Originally designed as a microcontroller unlike anything DEC ever used the PDP-11 architecture for. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801_series_CPU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801_series_CPU