- A complex system cannot be “made” to work. It either works or it doesn’t - A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works. - Some complex systems a

- A complex system cannot be “made” to work. It either works or it doesn’t - A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works. - Some complex systems actually work. - A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that works. - A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. You have to start over, beginning with a working simple system. Systemantics, John Gall, 1978