I get the impression that it may have been. The upper-level management set goals that were both conservative and impractical (diesel cars that didn't use DEF bu

I get the impression that it may have been. The upper-level management set goals that were both conservative and impractical (diesel cars that didn't use DEF but passed new emissions standards), and once it became clear they couldn't accomplish that they resorted to cheating instead of rethinking their strategy.