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Disclaimer: have personally recorded from whisker barrels, the structure that inspired Vernon Mountcastle to posit the idea of the cortical column. He’s my neur

Disclaimer: have personally recorded from whisker barrels, the structure that inspired Vernon Mountcastle to posit the idea of the cortical column. He’s my neuro-great-grandfather according to neurotree: https://neurotree.org/neurotree/tree.php?pid=154706&fontsize=1&pnodecount=4&cnodecount=2 https://neurotree.org/neurotree/tree.php?pid=154706&fontsize... The idea of cortical columns isn’t like the 6-layer-cortex. The cortex just isn’t organized into little column-shaped modules. It’s true that if you record two neurons right on top of each other, they’ll have a similar receptive field/preferred direction/…. BUT there is no consistent horizontal organization of neurons into columns. There’s whisker barrels, which reflect the way rat and mouse whiskers work, and there’s ocular dominance columns, which are a totally different thing at a different spatial scale. But there’s no global organizing principle that should be called “cortical columns”. It’s a lovely idea that would be great if it were true—-it would be so much easier to understand the brain if there were a common unit of organization larger than a neuron but smaller than a brain! But it’s not so.

igorkraw 5y ago
Do you have any recommendations what papers/books/researcher output to read to catch up to the bleeding edge of neuroscience research ASAP?
- trombonechamp 5y ago
  Disclaimer: georgewfraser is my academic cousin. Neuroscience research is huge and moving fast. Researchers have trouble keeping up with the bleeding edge in their sub-sub-field, let alone neuroscience as a whole. Conferences are one major way that most of us find out about new work. Pre-covid, conferences were pretty exclusive and unwelcoming to non-researchers. However, now that conferences are all online due to covid, one thing I would recommend is going through the videos of old conferences to find something you are interested in. Then you can pause the video and look up any words or concepts which are unfamiliar. It may take a while to get through a talk, but you'll learn a lot this way. For example, Neuromatch is the big "mostly computational neuroscience" online conference: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcBKrxkfNv04R9PXLovjf5w/videos https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcBKrxkfNv04R9PXLovjf5w/vid... Another formerly-in-person conference is Cosyne: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzOTbZTHTubFNjANAR33AAg/videos https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzOTbZTHTubFNjANAR33AAg/vid... Heck, registration for Neuromatch is cheap so you can attend this year's conference if you want to: https://conference.neuromatch.io/ https://conference.neuromatch.io/
HarHarVeryFunny 5y ago
Even if there's nothing in the cortical organization itself to suggest cortical columns, is it still true that there are "cortical column sized" regions of non-overlapping sensory receptive fields in the cortex ?
iandanforth 5y ago
Let's call the phenomenon you seem to dismiss as obvious and uninteresting, that neurons "right on top of each other" have similar receptive fields, 'minicolumns.' These exist consistently across the cortex. We've mapped out their shape and connections. This is what one looks like https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmdPOaTpZWA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmdPOaTpZWA (this even links to the paper you cited but calls them 'cortical columns'). Let's call the larger column structures with significant horizontal coverage posited by Mountcastle 'hypercolumns.' As you and others have noted these seem to be limited or non-existent. As I've said thanks to updates to our technology we've refined the idea of 'cortical columns' into a class which doesn't have useful explanatory power ('hypercolumns') and one which does ('minicolumns'.) The vertical integration of processing across layers of cortex by a collection of neurons is IMO of significant interest and import. You may disagree, but please don't pretend that these structures don't exist.
- georgewfraser 5y ago
  The fact that neurons on top of each other have similar firing properties is very interesting, and is indeed a uniform organizing principle of the cortex. Calling this “minicolumns” is very misleading because it implies some level of horizontal organizational structure. That is not a universal organizational principle of the brain—it exists in certain areas, in certain species. It’s an accident of history that a lot of the early neuroscience in mammals was done in primary visual cortex in macaques and primary sensory cortex of rats and mice, which do work like this (though at very different spatial scales). This led to the hypothesis of the “cortical column” as a universal, intermediate level of structure in the cortex, but when you look at other areas they just don’t work like that. However this idea is so attractive that it just won’t die. Meanwhile, cortical column fans (including neuroscientists!) engage in a motte-and-bailey argument, where the bailey is “the cortex is divided into columns that represent an intermediate level of modularity” and the motte is “neurons on top of each other usually have similar firing properties”.

igorkraw 5y ago

Do you have any recommendations what papers/books/researcher output to read to catch up to the bleeding edge of neuroscience research ASAP?

trombonechamp 5y ago
Disclaimer: georgewfraser is my academic cousin. Neuroscience research is huge and moving fast. Researchers have trouble keeping up with the bleeding edge in their sub-sub-field, let alone neuroscience as a whole. Conferences are one major way that most of us find out about new work. Pre-covid, conferences were pretty exclusive and unwelcoming to non-researchers. However, now that conferences are all online due to covid, one thing I would recommend is going through the videos of old conferences to find something you are interested in. Then you can pause the video and look up any words or concepts which are unfamiliar. It may take a while to get through a talk, but you'll learn a lot this way. For example, Neuromatch is the big "mostly computational neuroscience" online conference: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcBKrxkfNv04R9PXLovjf5w/videos https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcBKrxkfNv04R9PXLovjf5w/vid... Another formerly-in-person conference is Cosyne: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzOTbZTHTubFNjANAR33AAg/videos https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzOTbZTHTubFNjANAR33AAg/vid... Heck, registration for Neuromatch is cheap so you can attend this year's conference if you want to: https://conference.neuromatch.io/ https://conference.neuromatch.io/

HarHarVeryFunny 5y ago

Even if there's nothing in the cortical organization itself to suggest cortical columns, is it still true that there are "cortical column sized" regions of non-overlapping sensory receptive fields in the cortex ?

iandanforth 5y ago

Let's call the phenomenon you seem to dismiss as obvious and uninteresting, that neurons "right on top of each other" have similar receptive fields, 'minicolumns.' These exist consistently across the cortex. We've mapped out their shape and connections. This is what one looks like https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmdPOaTpZWA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmdPOaTpZWA (this even links to the paper you cited but calls them 'cortical columns'). Let's call the larger column structures with significant horizontal coverage posited by Mountcastle 'hypercolumns.' As you and others have noted these seem to be limited or non-existent. As I've said thanks to updates to our technology we've refined the idea of 'cortical columns' into a class which doesn't have useful explanatory power ('hypercolumns') and one which does ('minicolumns'.) The vertical integration of processing across layers of cortex by a collection of neurons is IMO of significant interest and import. You may disagree, but please don't pretend that these structures don't exist.

georgewfraser 5y ago
The fact that neurons on top of each other have similar firing properties is very interesting, and is indeed a uniform organizing principle of the cortex. Calling this “minicolumns” is very misleading because it implies some level of horizontal organizational structure. That is not a universal organizational principle of the brain—it exists in certain areas, in certain species. It’s an accident of history that a lot of the early neuroscience in mammals was done in primary visual cortex in macaques and primary sensory cortex of rats and mice, which do work like this (though at very different spatial scales). This led to the hypothesis of the “cortical column” as a universal, intermediate level of structure in the cortex, but when you look at other areas they just don’t work like that. However this idea is so attractive that it just won’t die. Meanwhile, cortical column fans (including neuroscientists!) engage in a motte-and-bailey argument, where the bailey is “the cortex is divided into columns that represent an intermediate level of modularity” and the motte is “neurons on top of each other usually have similar firing properties”.