I expect there is such a treaty, but presumably it specifies that the Netherlands will have certain obligations regarding US citizens that reside in the Netherl

I expect there is such a treaty, but presumably it specifies that the Netherlands will have certain obligations regarding US citizens that reside in the Netherlands. I doubt it will be specific on who actually is a US citizen. Further, you might still be able to prevail in a court. You would essentially be asking a court to find that you have a unilateral right to renounce a citizenship. Again, I doubt such a right is explicitly set out in any Netherlands law, but you would would be arguing that such a right is implied by some other principles. If the court were to find in your favor, the fact that the Netherlands has a treaty to the contrary would merely mean that the treaty was now incompatible with Dutch law.