What do folks use to ensure integrity? I messed around with CRC32 in the filename for a while, but that's a pain to keep up with. Lots of fiddly custom scripts

What do folks use to ensure integrity? I messed around with CRC32 in the filename for a while, but that's a pain to keep up with. Lots of fiddly custom scripts involved. It's dead-simple if everything is on ZFS all the time, of course, but if you want to ensure that files haven't been damaged after 20 copies across as many drives and "cloud" services, ideally without having to drag two or more other copies out of wherever they're stored, what's the solution? Some formats (Flac, I think) embed a hash in the metadata, but most don't. Hell, I've considered putting everything in IPFS just so I get consistency hashing across all filesystems "for free". More generally, I guess the problem is that there's a lot of pain and duplicated effort all over the place due to there still not being a really good, well-supported, cross-FS and cross-OS file metadata scheme.