Direct citations, not with me. But I know of at least one major crash caused by this difference in flying cultures. Two planes were on a collision course. Th

Direct citations, not with me. But I know of at least one major crash caused by this difference in flying cultures. Two planes were on a collision course. The Russian plane listened to ATC, the western plane ignored ATC and instead listened to their collision avoidance instruments (TCAS). Both ended up taking the same avoidance action (as opposed to one going up and the other down) resulting in collision. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_%C3%9Cberlingen_mid-air_collision#TCAS_and_conflicting_orders https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_%C3%9Cberlingen_mid-air_c... "The manual described TCAS as "a backup to the ATC system", which could be wrongly interpreted to mean that ATC instructions have higher priority.[5]: 80 [BFU 13] This ambiguity was replicated in the Tu-154 Flight Operations Manual, which contained contradictory sections. On the one hand, chapter 8.18.3.4 emphasised the role of ATC and describes TCAS as an "additional aid",[5]: 53 [BFU 14] while chapter 8.18.3.2 forbade manoeuvers contrary to TCAS.[5]: 103 The BFU recommended that this ambiguity should be resolved in favor of obeying TCAS advisories even when these were in conflict with ATC instructions."