Picture a test that doesn’t involve any clicking of UI elements. That’s a start. So right there you’re avoiding the complexities of UI rendering, you just call

Picture a test that doesn’t involve any clicking of UI elements. That’s a start. So right there you’re avoiding the complexities of UI rendering, you just call the commands that are invoked by clicking directly. Also, you can test frontend components together, and backend components together, but not cross the client-server boundary. Faster, more reliable. That leaves a very small amount of e2e tests that you even want to write, and by that point I’m totally fine with manual smoke testing or automating them. But they’re the vast minority of tests.