Shameless plug but I was also interested in the magic behind these mesh networking tools, so I wrote my own toy version that was very much inspired by the tools

Shameless plug but I was also interested in the magic behind these mesh networking tools, so I wrote my own toy version that was very much inspired by the tools you mentioned. I blogged about it here: https://www.samlewis.me/2021/07/creating-mesh-vpn-tool-for-fun/ https://www.samlewis.me/2021/07/creating-mesh-vpn-tool-for-f... The short answer to your question though is that the packets are sent over a secure tunnel.