While local production is mostly renewable, Norway also, at least on paper, sells much of it. Some European countries (like Germany) have imposed renewable mand

While local production is mostly renewable, Norway also, at least on paper, sells much of it. Some European countries (like Germany) have imposed renewable mandates higher than local supply can support, so renewable energy has become worth more than "dirty" energy. You can arbitrage this difference by selling your clean energy through the European Energy Certificate System, and Norway is a prolific seller on that market. Whether this matters depends on what you're counting. The main problem is that if you count this Norwegian electricity that Germany buys towards Germany's renewable energy percentage, you shouldn't also count it towards Norway's or it gets double-counted. One approach is to just ignore the EECS as fiction and only count local generation, in which case Norway does look fairly clean (and Germany less clean than some numbers would suggest). A different approach is to consider stuff sold on the EECS as actually swapped for other energy (at least on paper) and compute a "residual mix" after the sales. In that way of accounting, Norway doesn't have a very green residual mix: https://medium.com/@skloesch/why-norwegian-and-icelandic-and-some-other-electricity-should-not-be-considered-green-94c9a917efd7 https://medium.com/@skloesch/why-norwegian-and-icelandic-and...