> through repeated addition, digit by digit when i read ideas like this I'm not sure what they mean none of the early microprocessors had multiply instruction

> through repeated addition, digit by digit when i read ideas like this I'm not sure what they mean none of the early microprocessors had multiply instructions, but you can carry out a binary multiply using repeated shift+add, and if you don't have a shift you can add a number to itself and that's a shift... so all you are doing is adding but it's not the naive idea of adding a number over and over to simulate multiplication or do they mean digit by digit and they are doing BCD multiplies? again, not that many adds are being performed so it's not a performance nightmare. youngbloods don't realize how rarely a C programmer would invoke a multiply (or really need to) (and NEVER inside a loop) even a decade after these early calculators