5 ms·

Why is that, though? Is it merely because it's been institutionalized, or is there an inherent advantage that Fortran has (over say C or Rust) for things like

Why is that, though? Is it merely because it's been institutionalized, or is there an inherent advantage that Fortran has (over say C or Rust) for things like weather forecasting? By no means am I suggesting that it wouldn't have an advantage; I'm just a young whippersnapper who has never had the chance to write any Fortran.

peawee 5y ago
It's designed first and foremost to be a language to help compilers turn large matrix math operations into automagically vectorized and parallelized operations. If Rust is the language for close-to-metal memory-safe systems programming instead of C, modern (F90 and later) Fortran is the language for close-to-metal high-performance computational programming instead of C. Thinking about it, I'd say the comparison to Rust for mastery of its particular domain is actually quite apt.
- tomrod 5y ago
  It's a beautiful language! I cut my teeth on Matlab, and flipped a coin for Python or Fortran as my language to focus on after Matlab tried to charge our HPC center per core. Python won the toss, but I've always had a love for Fortran.
- zozbot234 5y ago
  Rust is actually the first serious contender in this domain, given that it has native support for parallel, concurrent and distributed programming and also deals elegantly with the aliasing issue that hampers optimization in C/C++. It's nice to see that LLVM is getting an official Fortran frontend, it will ease interop (including with Rust) and make it easier to compare code generation across projects and languages.
  - chaxor 5y ago
    It's been my understanding that Fortran is loved by physicists due to it's procedural approach, and doesn't require learning objects and inheritance, etc. There's a lot to learn in higher level physics, so having the simplest language, without tons of features to fiddle with, while also being very, very performant is preferable. I have a feeling that much of this work end end up in Julia however.
    - tobmlt 5y ago
      Modern Fortran has oop with one major design mistake: They use % as the accessor instead of . (Yes I am joking around) ;)
    - kjs3 5y ago
      No. Fortran is loved by physicist because it has an excellent 'impedance match' for the problems they are trying to solve. It has a multi-decade track record of expressing physics problems so it's the computer lingua franca there. And it has an extensive, high-quality and (perhaps most of all) tested ecosystem they can work in. It's not rocket science (unless, of course, it is); right tool for the job and all that. FWIW...Fortran has had explicit OOP features since at least the 2003 standard (e.g. "type extends"). You aren't "required" to learn those features to use Fortran, but that's true of any number of ostensibly OOP languages. Lastly...endless people (virtually always non-physicists who wrote a couple of lines of Fortran-77 in college) are continuously popping into the conversation with "well of course dump musty old Fortran for the NewHotness language because ew Fortran". Hasn't happened yet, and the Fortran folks have evolved from -77 to -90, -95, -2003, -2008 and lately -2018, so why would it?
- bambataa 5y ago
  Was there once a battle between Fortran and APL and its derivatives for dominance of that niche? I’m wondering why Fortran is dominant in physics yet APL in finance.
  - canadianfella 5y ago
    APL is dominant in finance? What is it used for?
  - dhosek 5y ago
    I think that at least part of it is APL's dependence on specialized hardware (at least back when I last encountered it in the 80s). At the Claremont Colleges, most computing access was on VAXes running VMS, although there was a single Unix machine at Harvey Mudd and Pomona College had an IBM minicomputer with 3270 terminals (plus a couple of the IBM graphic terminals) and it was Pomona's system that was the only one that had APL because the 3270s could use the specialized character set while Mudd (the science/engineering school) did not. The big language push at Mudd back then was towards APL, perhaps because a lot of aerospace companies sponsored clinic projects (all engineering students and some other majors did a sponsored real-world project in their senior year). I remember writing some data analysis code in Fortran for my freshman physics lab and the TA was surprised to see my choice of language.
- deleted 5y ago
  [deleted]
blacktriangle 5y ago
Think programmer hours are expensive? Go look at the price for Physics and Engineering PhD programming hours. Pretty much everything you would ever want to do related to partial differential equations or computational fluid dynamics has already been written in FORTRAN, and is damn good code. It helps the the language itself is more than capable of great perforamance and that NASA has poured massive amounts of cash into making sure it stays performant on newer hardware.
greenshackle2 5y ago
It is faster than C for numerical computing. One of the reasons is that aliasing is not allowed by the language, so the compiler can make some optimizations that C compilers can't, because e.g. the C compiler cannot assume that two pointer arguments to a function do not point to the same memory location.
- leephillips 5y ago
  This was the historical reason for Fortran’s speed advantage over C. But more recent C compilers have a flag to turn off checking for aliasing, so you can write numerical C code with Fortran performance. It’s more verbose and annoying to write, though, because it lacks Fortran’s array syntax: loops for everything.
  - zozbot234 5y ago
    Flags to turn off aliasing checks do exist in C compilers, but they result in 'slower', less optimized code. They're intended for the common case where types are reinterpreted in a way that isn't expressly allowed by the C/C++ standards, in which case the compiler can't use type information to infer that two pointers don't alias. FORTRAN can assume lack of aliasing in many other cases.
    - leephillips 5y ago
      Oh, interesting. Maybe I was thinking of the C `restrict` keyword, rather than a compiler flag. This is an instruction to the compiler, used in a pointer declaration, that there is promised to be no aliasing. It's supposed to allow C to get Fortran speeds in functions where it's used.
      - lmkg 5y ago
        It could allow C to close the gap in the future, but it's not there yet. Fortran is fundamentally and pervasively noalias, and its compilers have decades of experience operating under that assumption. C/C++ doesn't use it nearly as much, and as a result the parts of the compilers that use it aren't very mature. Rust is also pervasively noalias, but it's taken years for it to actually enable "noalias" on LLVM. Rust code uses that feature more than it's ever been used before, which keeps exposing codegen bugs that no one noticed before. Once those get flushed out, I still expect it will take a while for the resulting optimizations to reach the quality & maturity that Fortran has had.
Frost1x 5y ago
There's a long explanation but the summary is that FORTRAN was one of the first languages that targeted the highest computing demands so there was functional and financial interest in making it highly performant. Hardware was often designed around FORTRAN and a tight relationship over decades between those who wrote FORTRAN, those who wrote compilers and tooling for FORTRAN, and those who sold hardware for FORTRAN to run on in large high-performance/supercomputing worked together make things run stupidly efficiently and had decades to do so. C has some similar legacy but came a little later to the game and wasn't as intuitive to people driving the money in computing as they were with FORTRAN. It's also heavily optimizeable from a performance perspective but often missed the initial buy in and momentum, though developed much of its own. So FORTRAN has a lot of investment and strategic advantages to be used for things like weather modeling, at least for specific underlying libraries. Modern work tends not to start from greenfield in FORTRAN, it often starts in C or really a high language like Python to provide theoretical proof of concept and just write/use wrappers to highly optimized codebases like those for FORTRAN for the numeric fundamentals in the model. Lots of scientific glue code these days with not a lot of stuff making it into optimization levels like you see in BLAS, LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, etc.
tobmlt 5y ago
The barrier to entry to doing fast linear algebra from scratch is the lowest of any of c,c++,Fortran. Python and matlab being to slow at “low barrier to entry level” for sure anyway. I’m not going to comment on julia because I’m still drinking coffee. In theory… blah blah maybe it should fill this role. Sit down, write stupid simple Fortran code to solve a large linear algebra problem (a discretized partial differential equation system) and things like matrix multiplication and numpy style mat(:) access are built in. (Numpy borrowed the syntax from fortran, actually) For a scientist, this is way easier than wading into c++ and getting it right; or sticking with c, and avoiding the footguns. Fortran gives you maximum serial speed with minimum effort… it is easy to write efficient serial code, while knowing almost nothing of programming. Memory management sure, but even there, there out of the box are no pointers to fumble and your allocations are going to be contiguous. Optimal Array Memory access comes down to knowing Fortran is column based. Ah but then you need to go parallel, where the documentation more in c these days. But you’re already comfy with Fortran now, so, scientist that you are, you dig and experiment until you get it running in openmp, mpi, and cuda, etc.

peawee 5y ago

It's designed first and foremost to be a language to help compilers turn large matrix math operations into automagically vectorized and parallelized operations. If Rust is the language for close-to-metal memory-safe systems programming instead of C, modern (F90 and later) Fortran is the language for close-to-metal high-performance computational programming instead of C. Thinking about it, I'd say the comparison to Rust for mastery of its particular domain is actually quite apt.

tomrod 5y ago
It's a beautiful language! I cut my teeth on Matlab, and flipped a coin for Python or Fortran as my language to focus on after Matlab tried to charge our HPC center per core. Python won the toss, but I've always had a love for Fortran.
zozbot234 5y ago
Rust is actually the first serious contender in this domain, given that it has native support for parallel, concurrent and distributed programming and also deals elegantly with the aliasing issue that hampers optimization in C/C++. It's nice to see that LLVM is getting an official Fortran frontend, it will ease interop (including with Rust) and make it easier to compare code generation across projects and languages.
- chaxor 5y ago
  It's been my understanding that Fortran is loved by physicists due to it's procedural approach, and doesn't require learning objects and inheritance, etc. There's a lot to learn in higher level physics, so having the simplest language, without tons of features to fiddle with, while also being very, very performant is preferable. I have a feeling that much of this work end end up in Julia however.
  - tobmlt 5y ago
    Modern Fortran has oop with one major design mistake: They use % as the accessor instead of . (Yes I am joking around) ;)
  - kjs3 5y ago
    No. Fortran is loved by physicist because it has an excellent 'impedance match' for the problems they are trying to solve. It has a multi-decade track record of expressing physics problems so it's the computer lingua franca there. And it has an extensive, high-quality and (perhaps most of all) tested ecosystem they can work in. It's not rocket science (unless, of course, it is); right tool for the job and all that. FWIW...Fortran has had explicit OOP features since at least the 2003 standard (e.g. "type extends"). You aren't "required" to learn those features to use Fortran, but that's true of any number of ostensibly OOP languages. Lastly...endless people (virtually always non-physicists who wrote a couple of lines of Fortran-77 in college) are continuously popping into the conversation with "well of course dump musty old Fortran for the NewHotness language because ew Fortran". Hasn't happened yet, and the Fortran folks have evolved from -77 to -90, -95, -2003, -2008 and lately -2018, so why would it?
bambataa 5y ago
Was there once a battle between Fortran and APL and its derivatives for dominance of that niche? I’m wondering why Fortran is dominant in physics yet APL in finance.
- canadianfella 5y ago
  APL is dominant in finance? What is it used for?
- dhosek 5y ago
  I think that at least part of it is APL's dependence on specialized hardware (at least back when I last encountered it in the 80s). At the Claremont Colleges, most computing access was on VAXes running VMS, although there was a single Unix machine at Harvey Mudd and Pomona College had an IBM minicomputer with 3270 terminals (plus a couple of the IBM graphic terminals) and it was Pomona's system that was the only one that had APL because the 3270s could use the specialized character set while Mudd (the science/engineering school) did not. The big language push at Mudd back then was towards APL, perhaps because a lot of aerospace companies sponsored clinic projects (all engineering students and some other majors did a sponsored real-world project in their senior year). I remember writing some data analysis code in Fortran for my freshman physics lab and the TA was surprised to see my choice of language.
deleted 5y ago
[deleted]

blacktriangle 5y ago

Think programmer hours are expensive? Go look at the price for Physics and Engineering PhD programming hours. Pretty much everything you would ever want to do related to partial differential equations or computational fluid dynamics has already been written in FORTRAN, and is damn good code. It helps the the language itself is more than capable of great perforamance and that NASA has poured massive amounts of cash into making sure it stays performant on newer hardware.

greenshackle2 5y ago

It is faster than C for numerical computing. One of the reasons is that aliasing is not allowed by the language, so the compiler can make some optimizations that C compilers can't, because e.g. the C compiler cannot assume that two pointer arguments to a function do not point to the same memory location.

leephillips 5y ago
This was the historical reason for Fortran’s speed advantage over C. But more recent C compilers have a flag to turn off checking for aliasing, so you can write numerical C code with Fortran performance. It’s more verbose and annoying to write, though, because it lacks Fortran’s array syntax: loops for everything.
- zozbot234 5y ago
  Flags to turn off aliasing checks do exist in C compilers, but they result in 'slower', less optimized code. They're intended for the common case where types are reinterpreted in a way that isn't expressly allowed by the C/C++ standards, in which case the compiler can't use type information to infer that two pointers don't alias. FORTRAN can assume lack of aliasing in many other cases.
  - leephillips 5y ago
    Oh, interesting. Maybe I was thinking of the C `restrict` keyword, rather than a compiler flag. This is an instruction to the compiler, used in a pointer declaration, that there is promised to be no aliasing. It's supposed to allow C to get Fortran speeds in functions where it's used.
    - lmkg 5y ago
      It could allow C to close the gap in the future, but it's not there yet. Fortran is fundamentally and pervasively noalias, and its compilers have decades of experience operating under that assumption. C/C++ doesn't use it nearly as much, and as a result the parts of the compilers that use it aren't very mature. Rust is also pervasively noalias, but it's taken years for it to actually enable "noalias" on LLVM. Rust code uses that feature more than it's ever been used before, which keeps exposing codegen bugs that no one noticed before. Once those get flushed out, I still expect it will take a while for the resulting optimizations to reach the quality & maturity that Fortran has had.

Frost1x 5y ago

There's a long explanation but the summary is that FORTRAN was one of the first languages that targeted the highest computing demands so there was functional and financial interest in making it highly performant. Hardware was often designed around FORTRAN and a tight relationship over decades between those who wrote FORTRAN, those who wrote compilers and tooling for FORTRAN, and those who sold hardware for FORTRAN to run on in large high-performance/supercomputing worked together make things run stupidly efficiently and had decades to do so. C has some similar legacy but came a little later to the game and wasn't as intuitive to people driving the money in computing as they were with FORTRAN. It's also heavily optimizeable from a performance perspective but often missed the initial buy in and momentum, though developed much of its own. So FORTRAN has a lot of investment and strategic advantages to be used for things like weather modeling, at least for specific underlying libraries. Modern work tends not to start from greenfield in FORTRAN, it often starts in C or really a high language like Python to provide theoretical proof of concept and just write/use wrappers to highly optimized codebases like those for FORTRAN for the numeric fundamentals in the model. Lots of scientific glue code these days with not a lot of stuff making it into optimization levels like you see in BLAS, LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, etc.

tobmlt 5y ago

The barrier to entry to doing fast linear algebra from scratch is the lowest of any of c,c++,Fortran. Python and matlab being to slow at “low barrier to entry level” for sure anyway. I’m not going to comment on julia because I’m still drinking coffee. In theory… blah blah maybe it should fill this role. Sit down, write stupid simple Fortran code to solve a large linear algebra problem (a discretized partial differential equation system) and things like matrix multiplication and numpy style mat(:) access are built in. (Numpy borrowed the syntax from fortran, actually) For a scientist, this is way easier than wading into c++ and getting it right; or sticking with c, and avoiding the footguns. Fortran gives you maximum serial speed with minimum effort… it is easy to write efficient serial code, while knowing almost nothing of programming. Memory management sure, but even there, there out of the box are no pointers to fumble and your allocations are going to be contiguous. Optimal Array Memory access comes down to knowing Fortran is column based. Ah but then you need to go parallel, where the documentation more in c these days. But you’re already comfy with Fortran now, so, scientist that you are, you dig and experiment until you get it running in openmp, mpi, and cuda, etc.