I think you could pass emissions, but you would likely have to compromise severely on price and performance. There are carburetors such as Lectron (https://www.

I think you could pass emissions, but you would likely have to compromise severely on price and performance. There are carburetors such as Lectron (https://www.lectronfuelsystems.com/ https://www.lectronfuelsystems.com/) that have some capabilities you would normally use an ECU for.