Women are working in Japan, but structurally speaking they do not work in great jobs. i.e. many Japanese companies operate dual employment tracks with career an

Women are working in Japan, but structurally speaking they do not work in great jobs. i.e. many Japanese companies operate dual employment tracks with career and non-career tracks; women are hired disproportionately into non-career tracks with lower job security, promotion prospects, training and pay. Women are substantially under-represented at both middle-management and senior level (i.e. boards); and face the second-largest pay gap vs their male peers in the OECD nations. Japan's tax and social security systems also create penalties for dual-income households with large benefit cliffs and other similar structures so many types of part-time employment are economically discouraged.