The organisation structure of a car maker can be seen in a car dashboard. There is a light for the tyre pressure gauge because there is a business function for

The organisation structure of a car maker can be seen in a car dashboard. There is a light for the tyre pressure gauge because there is a business function for "tyres". Changing that is hard. Tesla has a screen where software decides what lights to flash - and dollars to doughnuts it's because there was not dozens of decades old business departments fighting to keep control. And the example you have above - a Product manager persuading functional teams is a separation of powers problem - think of the US government as a surprisingly long lived example One would need a lot of top management support to keep that from falling into one of two more stable systems - either the functional team leader tells the PMs what they are going to ask for, or the PMs get hold of budgetary control Either way the conflict is resolved.