You might be interested to read the book Sundown Towns: https://thenewpress.com/books/sundown-towns https://thenewpress.com/books/sundown-towns The author show

You might be interested to read the book Sundown Towns: https://thenewpress.com/books/sundown-towns https://thenewpress.com/books/sundown-towns The author shows via census data and historical research that there were towns all over America where Black people weren't allowed after sundown. This happened from the end of Reconstruction up to the civil rights era. A large amount of that was never documented, so we don't know the mechanisms. But for the places where it was, this ethnic cleansing was often directly enforced by the police or tacitly supported by them when they ignored white intimidation and violence. Growing up in western Michigan, I had never heard of this. But it turns out many towns I was familiar with were examples of it.