> Passenger trains, trucks and ships are a different story. In some countries, sure. But most rail in Japan is already electrified - 70% of the system [1]. The

> Passenger trains, trucks and ships are a different story. In some countries, sure. But most rail in Japan is already electrified - 70% of the system [1]. The remainder would be low ridership routes, many of which the rail companies want to close - but if they don't, perhaps partially battery operated trains would be feasible - charge at every stop and at intermediate locations as needed. Additionally, trucking routes in Japan are much shorter and slower than North America, making BEV trucks more feasible. Ships I agree with you, hydrogen is likely best way forward [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan