We're both Polish (I think?) so I'll talk about my experience: last few years there has been a huge boom in solar panels because of EU and state-funded incentiv

We're both Polish (I think?) so I'll talk about my experience: last few years there has been a huge boom in solar panels because of EU and state-funded incentives. But most people don't invest in heat pumps, just replace coal with solar panels + electric resistive heating + possibly AC, because that's cheaper and return on investment is higher. This puts a huge strain on the electric network and actually increases demand for electricity both in the summer and in the winter. The boom will likely stop this year because government changed the rules to incentivize installing batteries together with solar cells to protect the electrical network from unpredictability. This means heat pumps make more sense economically (cause you can't use electric network as free battery so efficiency matters), but solar cells in general (heat pumps or not) become much less profitable for average house. So I expect the boom to slow down or stop completely. I've looked into it recently because my parents upgraded their house from coal to solar panels + heat pump + separate AC. It's very expansive to update the coal central heating installation to work as both heating and cooling so people mostly buy independent AC even when they have a heat pump. Heat pump/AC combo makes sense only in new houses. So, in conclusion I'm not that optimistic about energy usage in Poland. I've also worked in a company that did software for trading energy so I know a little from the other side and Polish electric grid isn't prepared for renewables and won't be in near future. Transport capabilities are even more of a bottleneck than installed power. Also - average yearly energy usage in Poland isn't dropping AFAIR - it slowly increases. It was 21 629 MW in 2010 and 23 451 in 2019. Maybe lockdowns lowered it slightly but it will bounce back. More data: https://wysokienapiecie.pl/27524-energetyka-w-polsce-w-2019-roku-moc-produkcja-energii-wg-danych-pse/ https://wysokienapiecie.pl/27524-energetyka-w-polsce-w-2019-...