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The input space for these neural networks is huge, it is roughly the number of colors to the power of the number of pixels. What neural networks do is subdivide

The input space for these neural networks is huge, it is roughly the number of colors to the power of the number of pixels. What neural networks do is subdivide the input space and assign a label to it. Because of the high dimension of the input space it is very likely that it is possible to find images that are on the boundary between two labels. Using more advanced techniques might make it more difficult for an adversary to find such examples, but it does not eliminate their existence. One of the big problems with neural networks (and other AI techniques as well) is that they cannot explain their classifications, which makes it difficult to determine whether a classification is correct. Most people seriously underestimate how difficult this task is. Humans can do it quite easily because our hardware has been optimized by eons of evolution. Neural networks are only in their infancy.

tarxzvf 5y ago
The problem goes much deeper than these adversarial examples. The main issue is Solomonoff Uncomputability (or the No Free Lunch in Search and Optimization theorem, or any of the other hard limiting theorems). In short, it’s not only that you can devise adversarial examples that find the blindspots of the function approximator and fool it into misprediction, it’s that for any learning optimization algorithm you can abuse its priors and biases and create an environment in which it will perform terribly. This is a fundamental and inherent feature of how we go about machine learning — equating it with optimizing functions — and we will need a paradigm shift to go around it. It’s curious to me how most of these results are known for decades, yet most researchers seem dead set on ignoring them.
- LeanderK 5y ago
  I think machine learning researchers are well aware that successful optimisation is only possible using the right priors. This is explicit in bayesian machine learning but also implicit in neural networks in the choice of the architecture, optimisation algorithm and hyper parameters. It's a well discussed problem and a lot of researchers have a serious background in optimisation, theoretical machine learning and other related areas.
  - tarxzvf 5y ago
    What exactly are the right priors for general intelligence? And keep in mind, whichever prior you choose, I can design learning problem where it will lead you astray. This paper provides some interesting results on the weakness inherent in universal priors: https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04931 https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04931
    - ac42dgu 5y ago
      Related question: What are the adversarial examples for human intelligence? We know some for the visual and auditory systems, but what about the arguably general intelligence of humans? Maybe we can work our way backwards from the adversarial examples to the inductive biases?
      - opwieurposiu 5y ago
        I think fractional reserve banking has done a pretty good job of fooling everyone.
      - sdenton4 5y ago
        'Thinking Fast and Slow' is basically all about the rough edges of human thinking. The interesting tradeoff with ML systems is that you trade lots of individual human crap for one big pile of machine crap. The advantage of the machine crap is that you can actually go in and find systemic problems and work on fixing them at a 'global' level. On the human side, you're always going to be stuck with an unknown array of individual human biases which are incredibly difficult to correct.
      - deleted 5y ago
        [deleted]
    - someguyorother 5y ago
      That's for reinforcement learning, right? What is the adversarial learning problem in say, classification based on Solomonoff? If hypercomputation is possible, then anything based on Kolmogorov complexity would be SOL, but if not... is Solomonoff induction just too expensive in practice?
debbiedowner 5y ago
Regarding: "What neural networks do is subdivide the input space and assign a label to it." I've made such plots when the input is 2d, breaking the input space into discrete chunks/pixels, having the net classify, and then coloring that pixel according to the classification, and what usually happens is something like what an SVM would produce: large contiguous regions of the same class. But when the input space is high dimension, and the net is super deep, who is to say what this classification looks like... My guess is it looks less like oil and water carefully poured in a bottle, and more like oil and water shaken vigorously in a bottle. Do you have any citations about how NNs subdivide the input space, or how regular it is? The way I have thought of it so far is that we humans subdivide the input space, then stick those blocks into a NN that could have huge Lipschitz bound, and observe the output of a highly irregular function. When you say "What neural networks do is subdivide the input space and assign a label to it." It sounds more like subdividing the input space helps solve the NNs problem (minimizing the loss). But, it seems to me that that is not so related to minimizing the loss. (Partly because the NN never sees most of the input space during training, and neither is it relevant to what humans want: generalization)

tarxzvf 5y ago

The problem goes much deeper than these adversarial examples. The main issue is Solomonoff Uncomputability (or the No Free Lunch in Search and Optimization theorem, or any of the other hard limiting theorems). In short, it’s not only that you can devise adversarial examples that find the blindspots of the function approximator and fool it into misprediction, it’s that for any learning optimization algorithm you can abuse its priors and biases and create an environment in which it will perform terribly. This is a fundamental and inherent feature of how we go about machine learning — equating it with optimizing functions — and we will need a paradigm shift to go around it. It’s curious to me how most of these results are known for decades, yet most researchers seem dead set on ignoring them.

LeanderK 5y ago
I think machine learning researchers are well aware that successful optimisation is only possible using the right priors. This is explicit in bayesian machine learning but also implicit in neural networks in the choice of the architecture, optimisation algorithm and hyper parameters. It's a well discussed problem and a lot of researchers have a serious background in optimisation, theoretical machine learning and other related areas.
- tarxzvf 5y ago
  What exactly are the right priors for general intelligence? And keep in mind, whichever prior you choose, I can design learning problem where it will lead you astray. This paper provides some interesting results on the weakness inherent in universal priors: https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04931 https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04931
  - ac42dgu 5y ago
    Related question: What are the adversarial examples for human intelligence? We know some for the visual and auditory systems, but what about the arguably general intelligence of humans? Maybe we can work our way backwards from the adversarial examples to the inductive biases?
    - opwieurposiu 5y ago
      I think fractional reserve banking has done a pretty good job of fooling everyone.
    - sdenton4 5y ago
      'Thinking Fast and Slow' is basically all about the rough edges of human thinking. The interesting tradeoff with ML systems is that you trade lots of individual human crap for one big pile of machine crap. The advantage of the machine crap is that you can actually go in and find systemic problems and work on fixing them at a 'global' level. On the human side, you're always going to be stuck with an unknown array of individual human biases which are incredibly difficult to correct.
    - deleted 5y ago
      [deleted]
  - someguyorother 5y ago
    That's for reinforcement learning, right? What is the adversarial learning problem in say, classification based on Solomonoff? If hypercomputation is possible, then anything based on Kolmogorov complexity would be SOL, but if not... is Solomonoff induction just too expensive in practice?

debbiedowner 5y ago

Regarding: "What neural networks do is subdivide the input space and assign a label to it." I've made such plots when the input is 2d, breaking the input space into discrete chunks/pixels, having the net classify, and then coloring that pixel according to the classification, and what usually happens is something like what an SVM would produce: large contiguous regions of the same class. But when the input space is high dimension, and the net is super deep, who is to say what this classification looks like... My guess is it looks less like oil and water carefully poured in a bottle, and more like oil and water shaken vigorously in a bottle. Do you have any citations about how NNs subdivide the input space, or how regular it is? The way I have thought of it so far is that we humans subdivide the input space, then stick those blocks into a NN that could have huge Lipschitz bound, and observe the output of a highly irregular function. When you say "What neural networks do is subdivide the input space and assign a label to it." It sounds more like subdividing the input space helps solve the NNs problem (minimizing the loss). But, it seems to me that that is not so related to minimizing the loss. (Partly because the NN never sees most of the input space during training, and neither is it relevant to what humans want: generalization)