Check out the table B2 in the appendix if you need examples. Basically: German (Schmidt, Stolzfus) => white, French (Francois, Pierre) or English (Witherspoon,

Check out the table B2 in the appendix if you need examples. Basically: German (Schmidt, Stolzfus) => white, French (Francois, Pierre) or English (Witherspoon, Smalls) => black. Presumably this mapping comes from freedmen taking surnames from their former owners, and german settlers being relatively late to America, and chiefly in the northern states.