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The funding problem exists only for public goods in the sense they are defined in economics: This definition requires that the thing being produced to be nonriv

by nanis 5y ago

The funding problem exists only for public goods in the sense they are defined in economics: This definition requires that the thing being produced to be nonrival and nonexcludable. The post conveniently avoids discussing what projects they will consider to be "public goods". Non-economists tend to think simply of either goods/services produced by the government sector (a whole lot of which are actually quite rival and excludable) or people making stuff no one wants to pay for ... Neither category requires a special funding mechanism. Voluntary contributions mechanism (VCM) with a provision point is well known (this paper[1], for example, provides a decent summary as well as identification of a problem). This seems to be a contorted effort to take VCM-PP and retrofit it into some kind of blockchain/crypto-currency framework. [1]: http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/vesterlund/paper/overprovision.pdf http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/vesterlund/paper/overpr...

Sargos 5y ago
>Neither category requires a special funding mechanism Can you elaborate on this? What effective ways are they funded today? Public goods are chronically underfunded even in the western world so alternate ways of funding these projects seem beneficial to everyone. One major problem is that the internet is global and most public goods funding happens at the nation state level which leaves a giant hole where too little funding exists for species-wide public goods such as climate change, medical research, and anything related to the internet which is all of the public goods like open source libraries, cryptography, and Ethereum projects like clients, base layer contracts, and other open source infrastructure. Having a public goods funding mechanism at a global scale seems necessary for our increasingly interconnected world.
- nanis 5y ago
  > Public goods are chronically underfunded What are public goods you consider to be underfunded?
  - dalbasal 5y ago
    He said them: medical research, and anything related to the internet which is all of the public goods like open source libraries, cryptography, and Ethereum projects like clients, base layer contracts, and other open source infrastructure.
narush 5y ago
I'm a bit confused by the first paragraph. Are you saying that public good funding problems don't exist (or are solved b/c they are either funded by the government or aren't worth funding)? If so, I strongly disagree. The OSS that makes up the backbone of all-the-computation-that-occurs-anywhere is certainly a public good; it's also way underfunded!
- nanis 5y ago
  > Are you saying that public good funding problems don't exist No.I am saying people tend to call a lot of things "public goods" when they are not. If something is rival or excludable, it is not a public good in the precise sense in which economics defines them. If something is rival and excludable, then the socially optimal level of funding is not achievable through markets (note that the socially optimal level of funding may indeed be zero). Software is not rival (me linking with a library does not prevent you from being able to use it). However, it is excludable: A legal structure exists whereby people can be prevented from using the software. Now, assuming something like the MIT license, you now have a nonrival/nonexcludable thing. That does fit the definition of a public good.
  - dalbasal 5y ago
    >> That does fit the definition of a public good? If you're sticking to the Paul Samuelson definition, it does. Its also the main case the author is arguing for That said, what's the purpose of sticking to the definition? I mean, the whole concept basically exists to determine a class of things that should be publicly funded. Since then, many of the goods that were public goods were changed by technology into something else. A classic example was free-to-air radio and TV. Public good theories were used to justify TV licences. Since then, we found both ways of excluding (cable) and ways of making money that aren't related to exclusion (advertising). Did free-to-air TV stop being a public good once the ad business got lucrative enough. Maybe it stopped being a good altogether. The definition of a public good was never precise, but it's downright squishy these days. Quite a lot of goods these days, both capital and consumer are nonrivalrous (could also be described as non subtractable, abundant..). Anyway, the author's usage is pretty clear. FOSS like the worldwideweb is a public good for the purposes that he's using the term.
sanderjd 5y ago
So far, I've seen "public goods" used in the blockchain world to mostly mean open source software projects concretely, but something broader aspirationally. For instance, I believe the large and well-known Gitcoin project pretty much follows this pattern. I'm not sure how well it lines up with that economics definition. Thanks for the link to that very interesting paper!
dalbasal 5y ago
The economic definition could use an update, or at least some asterixis. Lin Ostrom's work is worth looking up, if the topic interests you. Both rivalrousness and excludability can get gray, changing as technology or legality changes. As intangible goods become a bigger part of the economy, this matters more. Take HN. Is it rivalrous? If I comment on HN, does this diminish others' ability to comment on HN? There isn't a totally black and white answer to this. Usually, no. Other people commenting is actually required for a forum to have value. OTOH, the premise of brigading (was once a reddit thing) is that a bunch of people flooding into a forum can diminish people's enjoyment of it. I suppose you could call that vandalism, but there are plenty of cases featuring various shades of grey. If your mom joins instagram, maybe you can no longer enjoy commenting on salacious pics. Ostrom advocated for degrees of, rather than binary definitions. Excludability... Also debatable and shifting. Digital music wasn't excludable for a while, then it was. Anonymous social networks (like HN) are less excludable than real name networks (like FB), but it's mostly a technology problem. It's also a legal question. The idea of making FB and such "common carriers" was floated around, which would make is legally nonexcludable. Patents are the opposite. The exist to make nonrivalrous, non excludable goods excludable. So does DRM, copyrights. A GPL license turns an excludable good into a nonexcludable, arguably public good. IMO, a better starting point is scarcity vs abundance. Anyway, considering the importance of public science, software like linux & the www... I think it's worth thinking about how important the commons/public domain/classification of your choice is.
- nanis 5y ago
  > The economic definition could use an update, or at least some asterixis. My goal is to provide some of the asterisks. The "market failure" theorems require the economic definition. One cannot presuppose the existence of the inefficiency in circumstances where the assumptions of the theorems are not satisfied. Take medical research. Given the existence of patents and the crappy medical papers I am seeing everywhere, I am not convinced there is an underfunding problem. Education is very much excludable and to a great extent rival (especially if you consider the issue of finding the appropriate environment and teacher to learn from). Of course, institutions matter ... That is not the issue here. The question is whether this crypto scheme exists to eliminate a well-defined inefficiency in a coherent way, or does it just boil down to a heap of presuppositions?
vbuterin 5y ago
Co-author here. I definitely use the phrase "public goods" in the economic sense: goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. This post has nothing to do with assurance contracts (which that paper seems at first glance to be equivalent to). Instead, it's tackling the different problem of what if there is some established mechanism that is already collecting fee revenue, and it wants to do use that revenue to support its wider ecosystem.

by nanis 5y ago

Sargos 5y ago

>Neither category requires a special funding mechanism Can you elaborate on this? What effective ways are they funded today? Public goods are chronically underfunded even in the western world so alternate ways of funding these projects seem beneficial to everyone. One major problem is that the internet is global and most public goods funding happens at the nation state level which leaves a giant hole where too little funding exists for species-wide public goods such as climate change, medical research, and anything related to the internet which is all of the public goods like open source libraries, cryptography, and Ethereum projects like clients, base layer contracts, and other open source infrastructure. Having a public goods funding mechanism at a global scale seems necessary for our increasingly interconnected world.

nanis 5y ago
> Public goods are chronically underfunded What are public goods you consider to be underfunded?
- dalbasal 5y ago
  He said them: medical research, and anything related to the internet which is all of the public goods like open source libraries, cryptography, and Ethereum projects like clients, base layer contracts, and other open source infrastructure.

narush 5y ago

I'm a bit confused by the first paragraph. Are you saying that public good funding problems don't exist (or are solved b/c they are either funded by the government or aren't worth funding)? If so, I strongly disagree. The OSS that makes up the backbone of all-the-computation-that-occurs-anywhere is certainly a public good; it's also way underfunded!

nanis 5y ago
> Are you saying that public good funding problems don't exist No.I am saying people tend to call a lot of things "public goods" when they are not. If something is rival or excludable, it is not a public good in the precise sense in which economics defines them. If something is rival and excludable, then the socially optimal level of funding is not achievable through markets (note that the socially optimal level of funding may indeed be zero). Software is not rival (me linking with a library does not prevent you from being able to use it). However, it is excludable: A legal structure exists whereby people can be prevented from using the software. Now, assuming something like the MIT license, you now have a nonrival/nonexcludable thing. That does fit the definition of a public good.
- dalbasal 5y ago
  >> That does fit the definition of a public good? If you're sticking to the Paul Samuelson definition, it does. Its also the main case the author is arguing for That said, what's the purpose of sticking to the definition? I mean, the whole concept basically exists to determine a class of things that should be publicly funded. Since then, many of the goods that were public goods were changed by technology into something else. A classic example was free-to-air radio and TV. Public good theories were used to justify TV licences. Since then, we found both ways of excluding (cable) and ways of making money that aren't related to exclusion (advertising). Did free-to-air TV stop being a public good once the ad business got lucrative enough. Maybe it stopped being a good altogether. The definition of a public good was never precise, but it's downright squishy these days. Quite a lot of goods these days, both capital and consumer are nonrivalrous (could also be described as non subtractable, abundant..). Anyway, the author's usage is pretty clear. FOSS like the worldwideweb is a public good for the purposes that he's using the term.

sanderjd 5y ago

So far, I've seen "public goods" used in the blockchain world to mostly mean open source software projects concretely, but something broader aspirationally. For instance, I believe the large and well-known Gitcoin project pretty much follows this pattern. I'm not sure how well it lines up with that economics definition. Thanks for the link to that very interesting paper!

dalbasal 5y ago

The economic definition could use an update, or at least some asterixis. Lin Ostrom's work is worth looking up, if the topic interests you. Both rivalrousness and excludability can get gray, changing as technology or legality changes. As intangible goods become a bigger part of the economy, this matters more. Take HN. Is it rivalrous? If I comment on HN, does this diminish others' ability to comment on HN? There isn't a totally black and white answer to this. Usually, no. Other people commenting is actually required for a forum to have value. OTOH, the premise of brigading (was once a reddit thing) is that a bunch of people flooding into a forum can diminish people's enjoyment of it. I suppose you could call that vandalism, but there are plenty of cases featuring various shades of grey. If your mom joins instagram, maybe you can no longer enjoy commenting on salacious pics. Ostrom advocated for degrees of, rather than binary definitions. Excludability... Also debatable and shifting. Digital music wasn't excludable for a while, then it was. Anonymous social networks (like HN) are less excludable than real name networks (like FB), but it's mostly a technology problem. It's also a legal question. The idea of making FB and such "common carriers" was floated around, which would make is legally nonexcludable. Patents are the opposite. The exist to make nonrivalrous, non excludable goods excludable. So does DRM, copyrights. A GPL license turns an excludable good into a nonexcludable, arguably public good. IMO, a better starting point is scarcity vs abundance. Anyway, considering the importance of public science, software like linux & the www... I think it's worth thinking about how important the commons/public domain/classification of your choice is.

nanis 5y ago
> The economic definition could use an update, or at least some asterixis. My goal is to provide some of the asterisks. The "market failure" theorems require the economic definition. One cannot presuppose the existence of the inefficiency in circumstances where the assumptions of the theorems are not satisfied. Take medical research. Given the existence of patents and the crappy medical papers I am seeing everywhere, I am not convinced there is an underfunding problem. Education is very much excludable and to a great extent rival (especially if you consider the issue of finding the appropriate environment and teacher to learn from). Of course, institutions matter ... That is not the issue here. The question is whether this crypto scheme exists to eliminate a well-defined inefficiency in a coherent way, or does it just boil down to a heap of presuppositions?

vbuterin 5y ago

Co-author here. I definitely use the phrase "public goods" in the economic sense: goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. This post has nothing to do with assurance contracts (which that paper seems at first glance to be equivalent to). Instead, it's tackling the different problem of what if there is some established mechanism that is already collecting fee revenue, and it wants to do use that revenue to support its wider ecosystem.