JFYI, you may be inferring "gang-caused" from "gang-related". > An additional concern is the varying methods by which homicides are classified as “gang-related

JFYI, you may be inferring "gang-caused" from "gang-related". > An additional concern is the varying methods by which homicides are classified as “gang-related.” The most commonly used is the “member-based” approach, in which a homicide is classified as gang-related if the victim was and/or the perpetrator is a gang member. [] https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-5-how-are-gang-crimes-especially-gang-related https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-5-how-are-g... Also, tons of people (850k - 1.4m) are classified as gang members. The criteria for being a gang member is very broad and includes friend groups who've been arrested: - The group has three or more members, generally aged 12–24. - Members share an identity, typically linked to a name, and often other symbols. - Members view themselves as a gang, and they are recognized by others as a gang. - The group has some permanence and a degree of organization. - The group is involved in an elevated level of criminal activity. [] https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-1-what-is-a-gang https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-1-what-is-a... [] 850k https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-4-how-extensive-is-the-current-gang-problem https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-4-how-exten... [] 1.4 million (page 9) https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-2011-national-gang-threat-assessment-2011%20national%20gang%20threat%20assessment%20%20emerging%20trends.pdf/view https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publicati... If you calculate out the statistics, there're tons of people classified as gang members { latino: ~50%, black: ~30%, white non-latino: ~15% } { latino: 450k-700k, black: 250-400k, white non-latino: 125-200k } (I don't know how they classify black latino vs white latino) [] https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-11-what-is-the-racialethnic-composition-of https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/about/faq#faq-11-what-is-... You can compare these numbers to the total population of males (90% of gang members are male) in the 14-24 age range (I excluded the 10-14 population even though it's included in the 12-24 age range). Classifying 10% of the population as being in a gang basically makes the label useless since you can then call almost anything "gang-related". { latino: 5m, black: 3m, white non-latino: 15m } { latino: ~10%, black: ~10%, white non-latino: 1% } [] https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2011.B01001I https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2011.B01001I [] https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B01001B https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B01001B [] https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B01001A https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B01001A