MMP is a fantastic system, but it can face resistance if it relies on Closed Party Lists[0], which allow a party to put a potentially controversial candidate at

MMP is a fantastic system, but it can face resistance if it relies on Closed Party Lists[0], which allow a party to put a potentially controversial candidate at the top of the list, almost guaranteeing them a seat and forcing party supporters to accept that as the cost of choosing the party. Open lists are better, but I believe they still have the problem that they make it unclear where representatives' mandates come from, especially if a representative can resign and be automatically replaced by someone lower on the list without a by-election. Other problems exist with list-based systems, such as treating independent candidates differently to candidates with established parties, and the possible use of "decoy lists"[1]. The best implementation I've seen of MMP, though, is that used in Baden-Württemberg, which avoids party lists by filling the proportional seats with the candidates who came closest to winning the elections in their local districts.[2] [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_list https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_list [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_member_system#Decoy_lists https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_member_system#Decoy... [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweitmandat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweitmandat