Yes. If you want a theoretical treatment of it, read up on queueing theory, which basically arises anytime demand outpaces supply. This arises in many areas in

Yes. If you want a theoretical treatment of it, read up on queueing theory, which basically arises anytime demand outpaces supply. This arises in many areas in CS with many different names. Queues, buffers, backpressure, throttling, retries, DDoSing, congestion control, scheduling, QoS, pipelining, async-await/callbacks/channels/continuations, etc. are all mechanisms for dealing with various properties of this phenomenon. OSs and networks in particular are rich with this, as their normal state is for demand to outnumber supply (more connections than interfaces, more FDs than disks, more processes/threads than CPUs, …). As you mentioned, distributed systems also care about this at a higher level.