Which, in my opinion, multiple walled gardens is categorically worse than a single walled garden. It does depend, though. If you look at regulation and market

Which, in my opinion, multiple walled gardens is categorically worse than a single walled garden. It does depend, though. If you look at regulation and market type on a 2x2 grid, as you slide towards the scale of perfectly competitive markets, the requirement to regulate drops to zero. As you go to monopoly, regulation becomes a larger requirement. So, in the net, a heavily regulated walled garden provides the same utility as a perfectly competitive market. I think Apple can keep their one-store model so long as they abide by comprehensive regulations up-to-and-including lowering commissions and allowing apps to advertise other ways to subscribe outside of IAP.