7 ms·

Well, there's a lot of evidence for mRNA transfer between species in other kingdoms; read on about reverse transcriptase[1] that is literally how some viruses s

Well, there's a lot of evidence for mRNA transfer between species in other kingdoms; read on about reverse transcriptase[1] that is literally how some viruses spread when they enter the human body. Whether that mechanism still goes on when some of the components are missing, well, we presume it won't happen but there's not enough and definite evidence for that. And for those who love appealing to authority, I do have bachelor and master degrees in bioscience, unlike Linus and most of the readers here, so :^) [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase Edit, happens all the time, in many different contexts: [2]: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/23/4/735/620265 https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/23/4/735/620265 [3]: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19396360701876815 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/193963607018768... [4]: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00294-018-0844-6 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00294-018-0844-6 [5]: https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/19/5/1015 https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/19/5/1015 <-- not sure about this one, I only skimmed it I could go on and on, but you get the idea, if there's something you learn (or should learn) in biology is that the exception is the rule. Edit 2: Lol, would love to read you comments on this: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118 https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118

zamalek 5y ago
The mRNA in this case has chromosomes that cannot be replicated by nature. You might try researching the mRNA vaccine.
- moralestapia 5y ago
  That's what you don't seem to get. I'm not saying it does happen, neither am I saying it does not happen. There's not enough evidence, that's it. Why is that so hard to grasp? And there's evidence of it happening in plenty of other contexts, so one wouldn't be crazy to believe that at least, in principle, it could happen here as well.
  - deleted 5y ago
    [deleted]
  - wizzwizz4 5y ago
    > And there's evidence of it happening in plenty of other contexts, No, there isn't; “mRNA chromosomes” aren't a thing. The comment you replied to made as much sense as “the server rack isn't duplicated on the hard drive”; there's no evidence of it happening, because no possible real-world event corresponds to those words.
    - moralestapia 5y ago
      What? But I just put some references here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27466738 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27466738 Those are peer-reviewed published papers ... and you chose to ignore them? Laughable.
      - wizzwizz4 5y ago
        Those references don't say what you think they say. What is an mRNA chromosome, then?
  - guardiangod 5y ago
    >There's not enough evidence [to prove it doesn't happen] What is your idea 'enough evidence'? Do scientists have to gather up every possible reverse transcription gene in the known universe and test them? In principle, anything can happen. Specific cosmic rays can hit my desktop's memory/CPU in such a way that my computer will display a giant smiley face for the next 10 seconds. After all, cosmic rays are known to corrupt computations in plenty of other contexts. I can even propose more than 1 possible pathways for that to happen!
    - moralestapia 5y ago
      >Do scientists have to gather up every possible reverse transcription gene in the known universe and test them? For sure there could be a more practical way, but even if that's the only option well ... science is rigorous, man. Hence why we still have the theory of evolution and the theory of relativity. If you don't like it and wish to go back to "just believing" ... well, good luck, we won't miss you.
- wizzwizz4 5y ago
  This is very wrong. You mean nucleotides, not chromosomes – but they don't need to be replicated, so long as the codons are. The custom not-found-in-nature nucleotide is equivalent to a natural one, for all purposes except being detected by the immune system. The mRNA is at no point transcribed into DNA. I think this is what you meant – but it might help if you researched the mRNA vaccine before posting internet comments!
  - haswell 5y ago
    I don't really understand the science here, so I'm hoping you'll clarify for the lay-people like me. Setting the technical issues aside, what's the bottom line? I think OP's general point was: "This is not dangerous in the way some people believe it to be dangerous". Do any of your corrections change that outcome/conclusion in a meaningful way? (I'm not asking to call your comment into question, but because I don't know how to adapt my understanding based on these two comments).
    - kaba0 5y ago
      I think wizzwizz4 only corrected the (quite big) factual problems of the grandparent. But about the claim of “the vaccine can modify our DNA”, I think this reply is great: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27467454 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27467454 Basically, while there are known mechanisms for mRNAs to getting converted to DNA, these quite complex mechanisms don’t just exist there. And the mRNA injected gets destroyed in ~half an hour. Basically, if there would be a constantly working mechanism for converting mRNA to DNA, our genome would constantly grow significantly since all sorts of mRNAs are constantly created inside cells.
analyte123 5y ago
It seems that according to these papers, if there was vaccine mRNA in the reproductive tract immediately prior to or immediately after fertilization, then theoretically the spike protein could possibly get integrated into the offspring’s genome. But how could the vaccine mRNA end up in the reproductive tract? Seems unlikely. It’s intramuscular, not in a vein. The implications of sperm-mediated reverse transcription are quite unsavory regardless.
- moralestapia 5y ago
  That is one of the dumbest possible interpretations you could make from those references. The point was to show (to unfamiliar readers) that there exists plenty of mechanisms by which RNA -> DNA could happen, and it has been extensively studied and characterized.
  - analyte123 5y ago
    The context is a guy claiming the mRNA vaccines will create a “humanoid race” with no evidence and everyone rushing to the other side and saying there’s no situation where exogenous RNA can ever be integrated into the genome, also without evidence. I doubt anything like this occurs with the mRNA vaccines, but you helpfully exposed this dialectic with the links.
  - kaba0 5y ago
    That’s just misrepresenting. While there exists pathways for RNA->DNA, they are a niche occurrence happening on evolutionary timescales. It is not at all applicable to the 30 minutes of mRNA half-life of the vaccine. And even just playing with the idea of our genome having the spike protein’s gene, it would either just sit there doing nothing (remember it is injected into muscle tissue) or get expressed. The former case would cause no problem (no descendant would inherit it as the gonads are not affected), and the latter would be trivial to see with a continuous immune response.
    - tim333 5y ago
      >the 30 minutes of mRNA half-life of the vaccine. I think you'll find it's much longer that that for the vaccine. Apparently it hangs around about a week. The mRNA is modified to last longer than natural mRNA.
brendoelfrendo 5y ago
I mean, I guess my follow up question is... where does the reverse transcriptase come from? My understanding is that the mRNA, by itself, isn't a retrovirus capable of integrating itself with your DNA. It's not built for it. There's no mechanism for reverse transcription in the mRNA in the vaccines, and the mRNA doesn't go near the nucleus of the cell, instead swimming around in the cytosol until a ribosome picks it up.
- moralestapia 5y ago
  It usually comes along with the virus, but there's some in our body as well [1]. Whether they work on the same mRNA targets or not is an open question. [1]: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2016.00006/full https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2016.0000...
passivate 5y ago
>we presume it won't happen but there's not enough and definite evidence for that. What evidence are you looking for here? Any specific analytical protocol that you have in mind? I am curious to know what you're referring to. As you know, the body doesn't just tolerate foreign mRNA like that (TLR3, TLR8 activation, RIG-I etc, microrna silencing, etc). So ironically, the vaccine has to first defeat our body's immune response, and then let the immune response work so that we get protected. That being said, the mRNA in the vaccine is structurally different from naturally occurring mRNA in that its been carefully engineered as a delivery platform. I am not intimately familiar with the studies you link to, but we can't just form a causal link because "its rRNA" - you need to evaluate it a bit more in the appropriate context.
alevskaya 5y ago
In all of your comments here you're being pretty ridiculous - you've read some books and articles, but are painting stories here in such a credulous fashion that makes me think you haven't actually done much work with cells and viruses. I was a genetic engineer for 20 years and engineered plenty of viruses for therapeutics, including plenty of retroviruses. The existence of reverse transcriptases in nature does not imply that there's a plausible path to an mRNA vaccine reverse transcription event, even the presence of a known reverse transcriptase in say, an HIV infected cell - they'll have radically different priming systems, etc. We have plenty enough evidence for core molecular cell biology processes to call out some ideas as radically improbable.
- moralestapia 5y ago
  >In all of your comments here you're being pretty ridiculous [...] Well, that says more about you than me, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯. >I was a genetic engineer for 20 years and engineered plenty of viruses for therapeutics, including plenty of retroviruses. Your website and LinkedIn say otherwise ... unless you were doing it as a hobby? Sure, then. Given all your (presumed) experience, what's your opinion on this: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118 https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118
  - alevskaya 5y ago
    The paper you link to is overexpressing LINE1 on plasmid in HEK293 cells and coinfecting w. sars-cov-2 - not exactly a natural setup! They see some nucleocapsid fragment integration and limited expression, but it's a pretty forced experiment, honestly. Also the whole virus is very different from the mRNA payload of the vaccines. Having a random chunk snagged by an overexpressed retrotransposon is a far cry from a meaningful integration event. Though LINE/Alu transposon integrations are an interesting driver of evolution on million-year timescales. (and: not a hobby. I was at UCSF, Stanford, and helped start several biotechs. You would have more traction here if you acted a little more thoughtful with those trying to talk to you.)
fastaguy88 5y ago
I just looked at each of the papers you cite, and none of them support the claim of mRNA transfer between species. They talk about reverse transcription of RNAs in the same cell. (Which kingdoms - there are only three - are using mRNA for gene transfer?) The last paper you cite shows that if you reverse transcribe a virus, you can get it to integrate into the genome, which is not very surprising, but it there is no evidence that this has happened in nature. And I have no doubt that people are checking - running PCR on genomic DNA of infected individuals.

zamalek 5y ago

The mRNA in this case has chromosomes that cannot be replicated by nature. You might try researching the mRNA vaccine.

moralestapia 5y ago
That's what you don't seem to get. I'm not saying it does happen, neither am I saying it does not happen. There's not enough evidence, that's it. Why is that so hard to grasp? And there's evidence of it happening in plenty of other contexts, so one wouldn't be crazy to believe that at least, in principle, it could happen here as well.
- deleted 5y ago
  [deleted]
- wizzwizz4 5y ago
  > And there's evidence of it happening in plenty of other contexts, No, there isn't; “mRNA chromosomes” aren't a thing. The comment you replied to made as much sense as “the server rack isn't duplicated on the hard drive”; there's no evidence of it happening, because no possible real-world event corresponds to those words.
  - moralestapia 5y ago
    What? But I just put some references here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27466738 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27466738 Those are peer-reviewed published papers ... and you chose to ignore them? Laughable.
    - wizzwizz4 5y ago
      Those references don't say what you think they say. What is an mRNA chromosome, then?
- guardiangod 5y ago
  >There's not enough evidence [to prove it doesn't happen] What is your idea 'enough evidence'? Do scientists have to gather up every possible reverse transcription gene in the known universe and test them? In principle, anything can happen. Specific cosmic rays can hit my desktop's memory/CPU in such a way that my computer will display a giant smiley face for the next 10 seconds. After all, cosmic rays are known to corrupt computations in plenty of other contexts. I can even propose more than 1 possible pathways for that to happen!
  - moralestapia 5y ago
    >Do scientists have to gather up every possible reverse transcription gene in the known universe and test them? For sure there could be a more practical way, but even if that's the only option well ... science is rigorous, man. Hence why we still have the theory of evolution and the theory of relativity. If you don't like it and wish to go back to "just believing" ... well, good luck, we won't miss you.
wizzwizz4 5y ago
This is very wrong. You mean nucleotides, not chromosomes – but they don't need to be replicated, so long as the codons are. The custom not-found-in-nature nucleotide is equivalent to a natural one, for all purposes except being detected by the immune system. The mRNA is at no point transcribed into DNA. I think this is what you meant – but it might help if you researched the mRNA vaccine before posting internet comments!
- haswell 5y ago
  I don't really understand the science here, so I'm hoping you'll clarify for the lay-people like me. Setting the technical issues aside, what's the bottom line? I think OP's general point was: "This is not dangerous in the way some people believe it to be dangerous". Do any of your corrections change that outcome/conclusion in a meaningful way? (I'm not asking to call your comment into question, but because I don't know how to adapt my understanding based on these two comments).
  - kaba0 5y ago
    I think wizzwizz4 only corrected the (quite big) factual problems of the grandparent. But about the claim of “the vaccine can modify our DNA”, I think this reply is great: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27467454 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27467454 Basically, while there are known mechanisms for mRNAs to getting converted to DNA, these quite complex mechanisms don’t just exist there. And the mRNA injected gets destroyed in ~half an hour. Basically, if there would be a constantly working mechanism for converting mRNA to DNA, our genome would constantly grow significantly since all sorts of mRNAs are constantly created inside cells.

analyte123 5y ago

It seems that according to these papers, if there was vaccine mRNA in the reproductive tract immediately prior to or immediately after fertilization, then theoretically the spike protein could possibly get integrated into the offspring’s genome. But how could the vaccine mRNA end up in the reproductive tract? Seems unlikely. It’s intramuscular, not in a vein. The implications of sperm-mediated reverse transcription are quite unsavory regardless.

moralestapia 5y ago
That is one of the dumbest possible interpretations you could make from those references. The point was to show (to unfamiliar readers) that there exists plenty of mechanisms by which RNA -> DNA could happen, and it has been extensively studied and characterized.
- analyte123 5y ago
  The context is a guy claiming the mRNA vaccines will create a “humanoid race” with no evidence and everyone rushing to the other side and saying there’s no situation where exogenous RNA can ever be integrated into the genome, also without evidence. I doubt anything like this occurs with the mRNA vaccines, but you helpfully exposed this dialectic with the links.
- kaba0 5y ago
  That’s just misrepresenting. While there exists pathways for RNA->DNA, they are a niche occurrence happening on evolutionary timescales. It is not at all applicable to the 30 minutes of mRNA half-life of the vaccine. And even just playing with the idea of our genome having the spike protein’s gene, it would either just sit there doing nothing (remember it is injected into muscle tissue) or get expressed. The former case would cause no problem (no descendant would inherit it as the gonads are not affected), and the latter would be trivial to see with a continuous immune response.
  - tim333 5y ago
    >the 30 minutes of mRNA half-life of the vaccine. I think you'll find it's much longer that that for the vaccine. Apparently it hangs around about a week. The mRNA is modified to last longer than natural mRNA.

brendoelfrendo 5y ago

I mean, I guess my follow up question is... where does the reverse transcriptase come from? My understanding is that the mRNA, by itself, isn't a retrovirus capable of integrating itself with your DNA. It's not built for it. There's no mechanism for reverse transcription in the mRNA in the vaccines, and the mRNA doesn't go near the nucleus of the cell, instead swimming around in the cytosol until a ribosome picks it up.

moralestapia 5y ago
It usually comes along with the virus, but there's some in our body as well [1]. Whether they work on the same mRNA targets or not is an open question. [1]: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2016.00006/full https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2016.0000...

passivate 5y ago

>we presume it won't happen but there's not enough and definite evidence for that. What evidence are you looking for here? Any specific analytical protocol that you have in mind? I am curious to know what you're referring to. As you know, the body doesn't just tolerate foreign mRNA like that (TLR3, TLR8 activation, RIG-I etc, microrna silencing, etc). So ironically, the vaccine has to first defeat our body's immune response, and then let the immune response work so that we get protected. That being said, the mRNA in the vaccine is structurally different from naturally occurring mRNA in that its been carefully engineered as a delivery platform. I am not intimately familiar with the studies you link to, but we can't just form a causal link because "its rRNA" - you need to evaluate it a bit more in the appropriate context.

alevskaya 5y ago

In all of your comments here you're being pretty ridiculous - you've read some books and articles, but are painting stories here in such a credulous fashion that makes me think you haven't actually done much work with cells and viruses. I was a genetic engineer for 20 years and engineered plenty of viruses for therapeutics, including plenty of retroviruses. The existence of reverse transcriptases in nature does not imply that there's a plausible path to an mRNA vaccine reverse transcription event, even the presence of a known reverse transcriptase in say, an HIV infected cell - they'll have radically different priming systems, etc. We have plenty enough evidence for core molecular cell biology processes to call out some ideas as radically improbable.

moralestapia 5y ago
>In all of your comments here you're being pretty ridiculous [...] Well, that says more about you than me, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯. >I was a genetic engineer for 20 years and engineered plenty of viruses for therapeutics, including plenty of retroviruses. Your website and LinkedIn say otherwise ... unless you were doing it as a hobby? Sure, then. Given all your (presumed) experience, what's your opinion on this: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118 https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2105968118
- alevskaya 5y ago
  The paper you link to is overexpressing LINE1 on plasmid in HEK293 cells and coinfecting w. sars-cov-2 - not exactly a natural setup! They see some nucleocapsid fragment integration and limited expression, but it's a pretty forced experiment, honestly. Also the whole virus is very different from the mRNA payload of the vaccines. Having a random chunk snagged by an overexpressed retrotransposon is a far cry from a meaningful integration event. Though LINE/Alu transposon integrations are an interesting driver of evolution on million-year timescales. (and: not a hobby. I was at UCSF, Stanford, and helped start several biotechs. You would have more traction here if you acted a little more thoughtful with those trying to talk to you.)

fastaguy88 5y ago

I just looked at each of the papers you cite, and none of them support the claim of mRNA transfer between species. They talk about reverse transcription of RNAs in the same cell. (Which kingdoms - there are only three - are using mRNA for gene transfer?) The last paper you cite shows that if you reverse transcribe a virus, you can get it to integrate into the genome, which is not very surprising, but it there is no evidence that this has happened in nature. And I have no doubt that people are checking - running PCR on genomic DNA of infected individuals.