The authors conflated right here... "The results are stark. According to Forbes, those 25 people saw their worth rise a collective $401 billion from 2014 to 20

The authors conflated right here... "The results are stark. According to Forbes, those 25 people saw their worth rise a collective $401 billion from 2014 to 2018. They paid a total of $13.6 billion in federal income taxes in those five years, the IRS data shows. That’s a staggering sum, but it amounts to a true tax rate of only 3.4%." Income taxes paid divided by increase in net worth, how is this NOT conflating? No one's definition of 'true tax rate' is calculated this way.