> students who tended to speak more ended up doing _worse_ on final exams. It is possible that this simply tells us that the final exam was only or primarily a

> students who tended to speak more ended up doing _worse_ on final exams. It is possible that this simply tells us that the final exam was only or primarily a written one. I know it is not directly comparable but my children learnt Norwegian starting at age 3 1/2 (after they already spoke English) without any formal instruction at all, just by speaking with other children and the staff at the kindergarten.