I agree about the importance of ecosystems. But here is the thing: In the Python ecosystem I can have fast sparse matrix multiplication, or fast numba compiled

I agree about the importance of ecosystems. But here is the thing: In the Python ecosystem I can have fast sparse matrix multiplication, or fast numba compiled functions, or fast JITed ODE solvers. But I can't use a sparse matrix library in a compiled function that gets run in a compiled ODE solver seamlessly. So you end up in silos that can't talk to each other without losing a lot of performance. And if you only ever need to compose the fast parts in rather trivial ways, then that is entirely sufficient and it's why Python is so amazing. But you are very wrong if you claim that scientists write Python and don't care about what's underneath. Many scientists first write a Python implementation of their new method, and then they write a CYthon implementation or whatever to actually publish the package. And I have actual examples where new methods were not published in Python but only in Julia because the PhD student failed to get the Python code to a point where performance was reasonable. In the end the Julia ecosystem is _very_ different from Python. Everything can and does interoperate. As heroic as Scipy is, I think Julia's ecosystem is on a completely different trajectory. Something like https://clima.caltech.edu/ https://clima.caltech.edu/ is completely unthinkable in Python/R/Matlab/Mathematica. It could maybe be done in C++.