The beauty of a market-based solution is that you don't need to worry about details like that. If you price the externalities appropriately, the market will aut

The beauty of a market-based solution is that you don't need to worry about details like that. If you price the externalities appropriately, the market will automatically optimize for the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly solution; grounding planes in situations where that makes sense and leaving them running where it doesn't. And yes, a carbon tax would indeed result in "a greater cost of air travel". That's sort of the whole point.