Probably better that a Graal expert chimes in, but AFAIK GraalVM has a single optimizing compiler, the Graal compiler. I think it reuses HotSpot's bytecode inte

Probably better that a Graal expert chimes in, but AFAIK GraalVM has a single optimizing compiler, the Graal compiler. I think it reuses HotSpot's bytecode interpreter. I am not sure if it can operate with either C1 or C2 also enabled. With Truffle, you can write AST-walking interpreters that get automagically turned into optimizing compilers via partial evaluation. It takes some care and tuning to make work well.