Portugal still requires you to actually have a foreign business, not just setting up a company in a remote country. A popular setup is living in Portugal and s

Portugal still requires you to actually have a foreign business, not just setting up a company in a remote country. A popular setup is living in Portugal and setting up a Maltese company and pay 5% corporate tax rate - and several accounting firms are more than happy to setup such structures. If your company doesn't have a reason to be incorporated in Malta (clients, employees, shareholders' meetings), Portugal could argue that's a Portuguese company and that you should pay taxes in Portugal. I haven't heard of Portugal pursuing this people, but it's not unheard of countries cracking down retroactively on businesses evading taxes, especially in times of crisis. Estonia's e-residence is not that attractive for one man operations for similar reasons.