The point of the paper is that the satellite data may be being misinterpreted. Satellites do not measure sea surface or tropospheric air temperatures. They mea

The point of the paper is that the satellite data may be being misinterpreted. Satellites do not measure sea surface or tropospheric air temperatures. They measure some voltage variations from sensors that are affected by various frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and, when integrated with location and orientation data, generate a data product that needs interpretation by experts in a way that may or may not correlate with actual sea surface or tropospheric temperature. The article is pointing at some inconsistencies in some, but not all, satellite data products. It's not quite saying "if the observations do not fit the theory, the observations are wrong" so much as "if the interpretation of the observations do not fit the theory, the interpretation of the observations may be wrong".