Yeah re the binary base64 encoding - we found that when using text based queries (the default for pg gem on ruby and most other client libraries AFAIK), base64

Yeah re the binary base64 encoding - we found that when using text based queries (the default for pg gem on ruby and most other client libraries AFAIK), base64 in a text column outperformed byte columns as it avoids extra conversions to and from base64. We did switch to using binary queries though (by passing result_format as 1), and at that point we did see a speedup from using bytea columns - but it’s quite a bit of work to get the type mapping correct then so probably not worth it in most cases