Isn't this easily fixed by counting held processes via pidfd towards RLIMIT_NPROC? You'd get a rlimit error when calling pidfd_open, but it already returns EMFI

Isn't this easily fixed by counting held processes via pidfd towards RLIMIT_NPROC? You'd get a rlimit error when calling pidfd_open, but it already returns EMFILE for RLIMIT_NOFILE, so that doesn't seem onerous unless you're trying to enforce exact numbers of processes rather than "less than some reasonable limit". Edit: note that pidfds holding same-uid processes have no effect (that process already belongs to your uid), and multiple processes holding a single foreign process only count once (that single foreign process is counted toward your NPROC, since it will stick around for pidfd even if its user kills it).