They're talking about brain structure ("Males’ brains are larger than females’ from birth, stabilizing around 11 % in adults. This size difference accounts for

They're talking about brain structure ("Males’ brains are larger than females’ from birth, stabilizing around 11 % in adults. This size difference accounts for other reproducible findings: higher white/gray matter ratio, intra- versus interhemispheric connectivity, and regional cortical and subcortical volumes in males. But when structural and lateralization differences are present independent of size, sex/gender explains only about 1% of total variance." -- from the abstract.) So this paper is in some sense about the "hardware" component, rather than the hormones or the programming. I'm not surprised. There's not really much evolutionary sense in building different brain hardware when you can dynamically manipulate so much with hormones and social pressure. Why are people so devoted to the idea that there must be a big structural or anatomical difference? It simply doesn't make sense to me, from observing children before & after puberty -- unless I think of the societal benefits of enforcing belief in structural difference in the brain. It makes division of labor easier and keeps divide & conquer going if you can exploit genders against each other rather than thinking they've got a common interest against another economic class.