You mean, no chemical birth control. Different cultures employed various mechanisms of birth control - some of which the article describes. Japan during much o

You mean, no chemical birth control. Different cultures employed various mechanisms of birth control - some of which the article describes. Japan during much of the Tokugawa period (after 1700) is an example of that kind of self-stabilizing population. They used: * Abortion * On-birth infanticide (don't be quick to judge) * Delayed marriage (which also means more years of celibacy before marriage I guess?) https://international.uiowa.edu/sites/international.uiowa.edu/files/file_uploads/japan_in_tokugawa_period_and_modernity.pdf https://international.uiowa.edu/sites/international.uiowa.ed... and AFAICT this was not government-enforced or even strongly-government-encouraged.