> the fields are largely dominated by haphazard taped-together tools consisting of paper, excel, and visualbasic, handled by outsourced contractors and constrai

> the fields are largely dominated by haphazard taped-together tools consisting of paper, excel, and visualbasic, handled by outsourced contractors and constrained IT departments. Ditto for Wall Street. The “innovation” tends to sit on top of woefully outdated systems rather than replace them.